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'''Rapid prototyping''' (also rapid prototyping design, RAD) is a general design method.

See also: [[user-centered design]] and [[R2D2]] (an other agile instructional design method).

== The model ==

According to Joe Hoffman and Jon Margerum-Leys ([http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jmargeru/prototyping/ HTML] retrieved 29 May 2006), the general rapid prototyping model can be summarized as follows:

{{quotationbox |
# concept definition
# implementation of a skeletal system
# user evaluation and concept refinement
# implementation of refined requirements
# user evaluation and concept refinement
# implementation of refined requirements
}}

== Rapid prototyping as instructional design method ==

Agile methods have been always very popular in education since this is how teachers operate in the classroom. However, until recently [[instructional design method]]s were rather dominated by heavier [[instructional systems design]] models.

=== Tripp and Bichelmeyer ===

Tripp and Bichelmeyer (1990: 36) define a model that presents {{quotation | that occur in a rapid prototyping environment, when prototyping is specifically used as a method for instructional design. The overlapping boxes are meant to represent the fact that the various processes do not occur in a linear fashion. In other words, the analysis of needs and content depends in part upon the knowledge that is gained by actually building and using a prototype instructional system.}}

[[image:tripp-bichelmeyer-RP-ISD-model.png|frame|none|Tripp and Bichelmeyer rapid prototyping ISD model]]

=== Lot Like Agile Methods Approach (LLAMA) ===

A model created and "sold" by [http://www.torrancelearning.com/agile/ Torrance eLearning]. Unfortunately we only found [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFRPiBJkXz9rbsqlFOiG-akj5dE6MS1mT videos] that explain this method.

=== Successive Approximation Model ===

The Successive Approximation Model (SAM) was developed by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_W._Allen Michael Allen] and Richard Sites. There are two main versions:
* SAM<sub>1</sub> for small projects: A Design - Develop - Evaluate loop
* SAM<sub>2</sub> for larger projects: A three stage model: Preparation - Iterative Design - Iterative Development.
** Iterative Design includes a Design - Prototype - Evaluate Loops
** Iterative Development includes a Evaluate - Develop - Implement Loop

=== eLab Model ===
The eLab model considers fast prototyping as a communication "catalyst" that is particular suitable in situations where [[change management]] issues exist:
* It allows to promote the discussion within the project group in a focused way, by concentrating on the facts and the results, rather than on theories and prejudices against technologies.
* It will allow to build shared understanding among the different professionals involved in the project and builds trust: two important conditions for the success of the project.

The authors summarize their model with the following diagram:

[[image:elab-prototyping-model.gif|frame|none| The eLab prototyping model (Botturi, Cantoni, Lepori, Tardini 2007) ]]

This design method:
* makes the design and development process open to new emerging ideas
* makes the design open to emerging needs from test and evaluation phases
* let's teachers focus on pedagogical design (teaching) instead of course materials preparation and technology
* stimulates discussion with external partners.

=== Discussion ===

Botturi et al (2007) identify three main issues one has to deal with, plus pitfalls to avoid

# Cost: {{quotation|Fast prototyping costs. What is developed risks being rejected and 'demolished', even if in critical and fruitful demolition. In order to be cost effective, a sound ratio between prototype scale and the final product is needed; when this is not feasible, examples taken from other experiences may be used.}}
# Shared understanding: {{quotation | Fast prototyping is particularly helpful in order to provide a shared understanding of what the final e-learning course is likely to be; it offers the development team a common background where many misunderstandings can be avoided.}}
# Training effect: {{quotation|E-learning is a new world: it happens quite often that people working in course development do not have extensive experience. Fast prototyping provides them with a common language and an initial experience of e-learning.}}

Botturi et al (2007) identify two pitfalls to avoid:
* {{quotation | The first pitfall is the 'quick and dirty' effect, i.e. a very rapid, but low quality development may negatively affect further developments, hindering understanding, collaboration and commitment. The second one is just at the opposite pole in the 'speed' scale: the non-fast prototyping case. Here the prototyping phase is extended so much that it only delivers a late contribution, which often has to be accepted as time resources do not allow substantial revisions.}}

== Software ==

A lot, e.g. alone for the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_%28development%29 SCRUM] method, Wikipedia lists over 15

Example:
* [[Pivotal tracker]], a free for education web 2.0 tool plus [http://www.gooddata.com/apps/pivotal-tracker Gooddata] analytics.

== Links ==

* [http://www.learninggeneralist.com/2009/06/agile-elearning-design-manual-think.html The Agile Elearning Design Manual - Think Small (Iterations, Action Maps, Storyboards, and Mini-Modules)], by Sumeet Moghe, June 2009.
* http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jmargeru/prototyping/
* http://www.agilealliance.com/
* [http://www.elearninglab.org/en/projects/approach.htm Approach: the fastprototyping] (eLab page).
* [http://www.agilemodeling.com/ Agile Modeling (AM) Home Page]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_%28development%29 Scrum] (Wikipedia). Scrum is an agile software development method.
* [http://www.joelonsoftware.com/items/2007/10/26.html Evidence Based Scheduling], by Joel Spolsky, 2007.
* [http://www.itworld.com/it-managementstrategy/289060/you-may-kiss-bride-and-update-scrum-board You may kiss the bride and update the Scrum board]. Agile development isn't just for software anymore. By Phil Johnson, ITworld August 09, 2012.

; In project oriented learning
* [http://theagileschool.blogspot.com/2012/01/scrum-in-classroom.html Scrum in the Classroom] by John Miller, 2012.
* [http://teachingandlearningtogether.blogs.brynmawr.edu/archived-issues/may-issue/lets-scrum Let's Scrum] by Rebecca Pope-Ruark, PhD, Michelle Eichel, Sarah Talbott, Kasey Thornton, 2012.

== References ==

* Allen, Michael W. (2012). Leaving Addie for SAM: An Agile Model for Developing the Best Learning Experiences, ASTD Press, ISBN 978-1-56286-711-9, [http://store.astd.org/Default.aspx?tabid=167&ProductId=23269 Store]

* Botturi, L., Cantoni, L., Lepori, B. & Tardini, S. (2007). Fast Prototyping as a Communication Catalyst for E-Learning Design. In M. Bullen & D. Janes (eds), ''Making the Transition to E-Learning: Strategies and Issues. Hershey'', PA: Idea Group, pp. 266-283. [http://www.elearninglab.org/docs/articoli/Fast_Prototyping.pdf PDF Preprint]

* Tripp,Steven, Bichelmeyer,Barbara, Rapid prototyping: An alternative instructional design strategy, Educational Technology Research and Development, 38, 1, 3/18/1990, Pages 31-44, [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02298246, DOI 10.1007/BF02298246] {{ar}}

* Luqi. (1989). Software evolution through rapid prototyping.Computer, 22(5), 13-25. [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/wrapper.jsp?arnumber=27953 Abstract / PDF]

* Peter Rawsthorne, Cape Breton University & Memorial University of Newfoundland, Agile Instructional Design, [http://www.rawsthorne.org/bit/docs/RawsthorneAIDFinal.pdf PDF] (from [http://designedtoinspire.com/drupal/node/395])

[[Category: Design methodologies]]
[[Category: Instructional design methods]]
[[Category:Project management and planning]]

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