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== Definition ==

A '''anchored forum''' (or computer-mediated anchored discussion) places discussions "near" the topic being discussed, e.g. with an [[annotation system]] that allows teachers and learners to add comments.

See also: [[Anchored instruction]] and [[text annotation]]

== The rationale for anchored forums ==

{{quotationbox|Low interaction levels between learners in forums might result from discussion tools and more particularly from their lack of connection with learning activities and learning contents: "the problem with content-related communication often is, that it does not occur because it is a separate activity that is not include in the course" (Gommer & Visser, 2001, p. 438). We postulate that the separation between learning activities and communication is not favorable for the emergence of discussions. [...] Situated action theory suggests that instructional communication should occur during an action or activity at the time when the user needs it. So if a user cannot communicate easily during an action or activity, the opportunity to communicate and share and exchange ideas will be lost.
George and Labas, (2007:2)}}

== Examples ==

* CaMILE (Guzdial and Turns, 2000)
* CONFOR (George, 2004; George and Labas, 2007)
* Mediawikis. Each article has a discussion page, in this wiki see e.g. [[STIC:STIC_III/ex1|STIC III/ex1]] and [[STIC_Discussion:STIC_III/ex1|discussion]] (in french). Of course this is a weak sort of anchoring.
* [http://annotatiesysteem.nl/ Annotatiesysteem] (Van der Pool et al.)

== Links ==

* van der Pol J. [http://soliscms.uu.nl/content/handout_Lausanne.pdf Making Dialogic learning Trialogic], Poster IPPD'06.
* van der Pol J. [http://www.open.ou.nl//vor/2_divisies/leren%20en%20instructie/posters%20themamiddag%202%20april/Jakko%20van%20der%20Pol.pdf Adding documents to document-centred discussion]

== References ==

* Bernheim Brush, A. J., Bargeron, D., Grudin, J., Borning, A., & Gupta, A. (2002). Supporting interaction outside of class: Anchored discussion vs. discussion boards. In G. Stahl (Ed.), Computer support for collaborative learning: Foundations for a CSCL community. Proceedings of CSCL 2002 (pp. 425-434). Hillsdale, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

* Gommer, L., & Visser, G. (2001). Implementation of a digital learning environment: The real results. In Proceedings of the world conference on the WWW and internet WebNet 2001 (pp. 433-438). Orlando, Florida, USA: AACE.

* Guzdial, Mark and Jennifer Turns (2000). Effective Discussion Through a Computer-Mediated Anchored Forum, Journal of the Learning Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 4, Pages 437-469. [http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S15327809JLS0904_3 Abstract] PDF {{ar}} or [http://www.jstor.org/view/10508406/ap050033/05a00040/0 PDF]

* Davis, J. R., & Huttenlocher, D. P. (1995). Shared annotation for cooperative learning. In J. L. Schnase & E. L. Cunnius (Eds.), Proceedings of CSCL 1995 (pp. 84–88). Bloomington. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

* George Sebastien, Contextualizing discussions in distance learning systems, 4th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT 2004), Joensuu, Finland, August 30-September 1, 2004, p. 226-230, http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/ICALT.2004.1357408

* Kienle, Andrea (2006) Integration of knowledge management and collaborative learning by technical supported communication processes. Education and Information Technologies 11:2, 161

* Sebastien, George & Labas Hervé (2007,in press), E-Learning Standards as a Basis for Contextual Forums Design, International Journal of Computers in Human Behavior, Elsevier, [http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.01.006 doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.01.006]

* Sumner, T., & Buckingham Shum, S. (2001 + datum). JIME: An interactive journal for interactive media. First Monday, 6, (2).

* Takeda, T. & Suthers, D. (2002, May). Online workspaces for annotation and discussion of documents. Poster session presented at WWW 2002, Honolulu, Hawaii.

* van der Pol J. , W. Admiraal and P. R. J. Simons (2006), The affordance of anchored discussion for the collaborative processing of academic texts, ''International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning'', 1 (3), 339-357. [http://www.springerlink.com/content/p1905251815r8882 DOI 10.1007/s11412-006-9657-6]. [http://www.uu.nl/content/NatureReceptionandUseofFeedback.fdf pdf]

* Van der Pol, J. Admiraal, W. & Simons, P. R. J. (2006). Context Enhancement for co-intentionality and co-reference. Journal of artificial intelligence & society, 20(3), 301-313 [http://www.uu.nl/content/b56k1gkn54255422.pdf pdf]

* Van der Pol, J., Admiraal, W. F. & Simons, P. R. J. (In press). Integrating an evaluation function in online anchored discussion to increase the local relevance of replies. Journal for Computers & Human Behaviour. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6VDC-4R2GRXX-1-3&_cdi=5979&_user=457046&_orig=search&_coverDate=11%2F05%2F2007&_sk=999999999&view=c&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkWW&md5=dc90e7ae51be376edf63ec95538a78b4&ie=/sdarticle.pdf pdf]

* Van der Pol, J., Van den Berg, I., Admiraal, W. F. & Simons, P. R. J. (In press). The nature, reception, and use of online peer feedback in higher education. Computers & Education.

* Van der Pol, J. (2007). [http://www.uu.nl/content/ProefschriftJakkovanderPol.pdf Facilitating online learning conversations], PHD Thesis (based on a collection of articles).

[[Category:Computer-mediated communication]]
[[Category:Collaborative learning]]
[[Category:Annotation]]
[[Category:Writing]]{{edutechwiki}}

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edutechwiki_en>Daniel K. Schneider: /* References */