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A workflow model

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== Introduction ==

According to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing Wikipedia], retrieved 14:48, 14 October 2011 (CEST), {{quotation|3D printing is a form of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_manufacturing additive manufacturing technology] where a three dimensional object is created by laying down successive layers of material. 3D printers are generally faster, more affordable and easier to use than other additive manufacturing technologies. 3D printers offer product developers the ability to print parts and assemblies made of several materials with different mechanical and physical properties in a single build process. Advanced 3D printing technologies yield models that can serve as product prototypes.}}

See also:
* [[3D printer]]
* [[3D printing under Ubuntu]]
* [[3D printer filament]]
* Other articles in the [[:category:3D printing|3D printing]] category

<graphviz border="frame" caption="Figure: Simple model of 3D design & printing workflows">
graph ThreeD_printing_2 {
node [fontsize=10, fontname="Arial"];
edge [fontsize=8, fontname="Arial", labelfloat=false];

# List of nodes
Idea [shape=box, color=red, label="Design idea"];
Physics [shape=box, color=red, label="Physics constraints"];
ThreeDGr [shape=ellipse, color=red, label="Proprietary vector\ngraphics"];
ThreeDInt [shape=ellipse, color=red, label="Interchange format"];
STL [shape=ellipse, color=red, label="STL vector\ngraphics"];
STL_clean [shape=ellipse, color=red, label="STL clean\nvector graphics"];
Phys [shape=ellipse, color=red, label="Physical\nmodel"];
Gcode [shape=ellipse, color=red, label="Machine\ncode"];
Obj [shape=box, color=red, label="Printed object"];
Obj_clean [shape=box, color=red, label="Cleaned\nPrinted object"];

# Links
Idea -- ThreeDInt [label = "find"];
Idea -- ThreeDGr [label = "find &\nimport"];
Idea -- Phys [label = "find"];
Idea -- ThreeDGr [label = "draw"];
Idea -- STL [label = "find"];
Physics -- ThreeDGr [style = "dotted"];
Physics -- STL_clean [style = "dotted"];
Idea -- Physics [label = "machine,\nPolymer"];
ThreeDGr -- ThreeDGr [label = "import &\nmerge"];
ThreeDGr -- STL [label = "translate"];
ThreeDInt -- STL [label = "translate"];
ThreeDInt -- ThreeDGr [label = "import"];
ThreeDInt -- ThreeDInt [label = "import &\nmerge"];
Phys -- ThreeDInt [label = "scan"];
STL -- STL_clean [label = "clean, resize,\n& position"];
STL -- STL_clean [label = "merge"];
STL_clean -- Gcode [label = "parametrize\ntranslate"];
Gcode -- Obj [label = "print"];
Obj -- Obj_clean [label = "clean up\n paint"];
}
</graphviz>

== A workflow model ==

The following figure summarizes typical workflows. There a three fundamental design stages:
* Model an object with any kind for modeling program, e.g. a [[3D modeling|3D modeler]], a [[computer-aided design and manufacturing|CAD]] drawing program, a CAD programming tool like [[OpenScad beginners tutorial|OpenScad]] or through 3D scanning.
* If the modeler can't export to STL, export to a popular exchange format like OBJ, then translate the OBJ with a program like Meshlab.
* Translate the model to a format that is appropriate for 3D printing, typically .STL, a stereolithography CAD format created 3D Systems. This file format is supported by many other software packages. STL basically describes an object with triangles using an x,y,z coordinate system. A similar format that can be used by some "cleaning/positioning/to-machine-code" programs is OBJ.
* Repair the STL file and (if necessary) make simple changes to size, position, etc.). Either use a specific [[STL editor]] or some integrated [[Slicers and user interfaces for 3D printers|3D printing tool]] that offers this functionality.
* Translate STL to machine code with a [[Slicers and user interfaces for 3D printers|slicer]], typically into so-called [[G-code]]

As you can see, there are several paths that lead from a design idea to a printed object. Absolute beginners can start simply by downloading STL files from a repository such as [http://www.thingiverse.com/ Thingiverse], positioning it, maybe re-sizing and then printing it. Intermediate users can merge existing objects together at any level, e.g. at STL level with a tool like Meshlab (free) or Netfabb (commercial).

Some low level "how to print an STL file" was described in 2011 in the [[First steps with the RapMan V3.1 3D printer]] (one of the first commercial kits for hobby printing) article. Since that type of operation is explained on hundreds of website we refrain from doing it. As of 2017, our latest documented printer is the [[Felix Pro 1 3D printer|Felix Pro 1]].

Also take note that respecting '''physical constraints''' is important ! For example, you can't print bigger than your print area, you can't print designs that have a large footprint with ABS, you can't print large overhangs with a printer that doesn't allow printing support structures, etc.

== File formats ==

As of 2017, 3D hobby printer slicing software all accept the STL file format. According to [ Wikipedia], {{quotation|STL (STereoLithography) is a file format native to the stereolithography CAD software created by 3D Systems.[1][2][3] STL has several after-the-fact backronyms such as "Standard Triangle Language" and "Standard Tessellation Language".[4] This file format is supported by many other software packages; it is widely used for rapid prototyping, 3D printing and computer-aided manufacturing.[5] STL files describe only the surface geometry of a three-dimensional object without any representation of color, texture or other common CAD model attributes.}}

To convert other [[3D assets]] to STL we recommend using [[Meshlab_for_RapMan_tutorial|Meshlab]]. However, some drawing programs may have better exporters for their native formats. Conversion usually doesn't go very well. Often Meshes need to be repaired, Object size, rotation and positioning also may need fixing.

Other supported formats are *.OBJ (an older simple interchange format that can include textures) and *.PLY P(olygon file format) a scanner format.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_Manufacturing_File_Format Additive Manufacturing File Format] (.AMF) is a new XML-based open standard for 3D printing that includes color. Another contendor is [http://3mf.io/ 3MF]. But, as of 2017, neither is very popular, read [http://blog.grabcad.com/blog/2015/07/21/amf-vs-3mf/ 3D printing file format cage match: AMF vs. 3MF] July 21st, 2015. By Dennis Bella

Of course, machine code also can be exchanged and such represents a file format. Most hobby printers use standard [[g-code]].

Experimentally, this wiki includes the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:StlHandler StlHandler] extension which can display STL formats. STL is a relatively safe format for inclusion since it only contains triangles, e.g. no JavaScript or additional mediafiles.
[[File:lego4x4x2third.stl|400px|thumb|Lego-compatible brick created with [[Doblo factory]] ]]

== Links and bibliography ==

=== Links ===

* [http://warwick.ac.uk/schools3dprinting Materials for 3D printing in Schools] (University of Warwick)

=== Textbooks ===

; General

As of oct. 2014, there exist several books, some of which are available as e-books from on-line sellers like [http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=3d%20printing Amazon] or [http://store.kobobooks.com/search?Query=3d+printing Kobo]

; Made for education

* Canessa, E., C. Fonda & M. Zennaro (2014). ''Low-cost 3D Printing for Science, Education and Sustainable Development'', ICTP—The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Free and open book, http://sdu.ictp.it/3d/book.html (First International Workshop on "Low-cost 3D Printing for Science, Education and Sustainable Development)

* Thornburg,David, Norma Thornburg, and Sara Armstrong (2014). The Invent To Learn Guide to 3D Printing in the Classroom: Recipes for Success. [http://cmkpress.com/3d-printing-in-the-classroom-recipes-for-success/ CMK Press].

* Libow Martinez, Sylvia and Gary S. Stager (2013). Invent To Learn: Making, Tinkering, and Engineering the Classrooom, Constructing Modern Knowledge Press, ISBN: Print 978-0-9891511-0-8, http://www.inventtolearn.com/

[[category:3D printing]]

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