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== Definitions ==

A '''subject heading''' is part of a systematic list of terms that describe a given subject matter, e.g. like in a library catalogue.

See also: [[controlled vocabulary]]

According to Reitz, a '''subject heading''' is {{quotation|The most specific word or phrase that describes the subject, or one of the subjects, of a work, selected from a list of preferred terms (controlled vocabulary) and assigned as an added entry in the bibliographic record to serve as an access point in the library catalog. A subject heading may be subdivided by the addition of subheadings (example: Libraries--History--20th century) or include a parenthetical qualifier for semantic clarification, as in Mice (Computers).}} (retrieved 15:08, 27 February 2009 (UTC))

The [http://authorities.loc.gov/help/auth-faq.htm library of congress] uses the term "authority record" to describe the {{quotation|tool used by librarians to establish forms of names (for persons, places, meetings, and organizations), titles, and subjects used on bibliographic records. Authority records enable librarians to provide uniform access to materials in library catalogs and to provide clear identification of authors and subject headings. For example, works about "movies," "motion pictures," "cinema," and "films" are all entered under the established subject heading "Motion pictures."}}.

{{quotation|An index term, subject term, subject heading, or descriptor, in information retrieval, is a term that captures the essence of the topic of a document. Index terms make up a controlled vocabulary for use in bibliographic records.}} ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_heading Wikipedia], retrieved 15:08, 27 February 2009 (UTC))

== Examples ==

=== Marc / Library of Congress ===

The library of congress [http://authorities.loc.gov/ authorities] returns many entries for search about "educational technology" within the "Subject authority headings". However, only a subset concerns authorized headings that are formally established in a retrievable authority record.

The main "educational technology" term (without subheadings) identifies the following "see from": ''Instructional technology'', ''Technology in education'' It then defines "see also", such as "Audio-visual education" and "authorized see also" such as Technology, Educational innovation, instructional systesm, teaching - aids and devices.

Note: Understanding Marc would take some time. Didn't take it yet. So look at the [http://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/adx50.html spec] yourself :) - [[User:Daniel K. Schneider|Daniel K. Schneider]] 15:08, 27 February 2009 (UTC).

=== Sears ===

The ''Sears List of Subject Headings'' is much smaller than the library of congress one.

== Standards ==

; Marc
Subject headings can be quite formal
* [http://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ Marc 21 Format for Authority Data]'s [http://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/adx50.html topical terms (X50)]
* An XML version of Marc is under development.

; SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System)
* SKOS is based on [[RDF]] (XML) and {{quotation|it is a family of formal languages designed for representation of thesauri, classification schemes, taxonomies, subject-heading systems, or any other type of structured controlled vocabulary.}} ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organisation_System Simple Knowledge Organization System], Wikipedia)
* See [[SKOS]]

== Bibliography ==

* Reitz, J.M. Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science, http://lu.com/odlis/odlis_g.cfm

* HW Wilson (2007). Sears List of Subject Headings®, 19th Edition Sears List of Subject Headings 19th Edition, HW Wilson. ISBN 978-0-8242-1076-2

[[Category: Standards]]
[[Category: Design methodologies]]
[[Category: XML]]
[[Category: Knowledge representation]]

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