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	[[Category: Educational modeling languages]]		[[Category: Educational modeling languages]]
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{{Stub}}
== Definition ==

PALO is an [[educational modeling language]] and a system.

{{quotationbox | PALO is a proposal of Educative Modelling Language to describe and design learning content and learning environments at a high level of abstraction using learning content ontologies and conceptual maps to search and retrieve small-granularity Learning Objects.

PALO is based on a reference framework to design educative content based in levels of abstraction. Each level identifies a certain group of related components or elements of a learning resource. The language allows to define teaching strategies by mean of the definition of specific DTD's called instructional templates . This templates are a general type of PALO document that specially suits for a given instructional or teaching purpose.

PALO has been designed to be a technology-independent representation of a learning reseource, thus allowing educative content interchange , interoperability, mantainability and reusability. A PALO description of a learning content (a *.palo file) can be turned into a variety of learning scenarios (each one built using an specific delivery format) via a compiling process.
}} ([http://sensei.lsi.uned.es/palo/ PALO language Home Page], retrieved 18:21, 29 May 2007 (MEST).

== Structure ==

Google translation from Spanish of http://sensei.ieec.uned.es/%7Emiguel/tesis/node30.html ... almost understandable ;)

* Content: It is the knowledge that, modelizado in the surroundings, is study object during the education process. The content is modelizado of external and independent form of the structure of the surroundings. The references to these components can be direct or by means of the use of properties and didactic or instruccionales relations.
* Tasks: The tasks are the activities that the user of the surroundings makes to on approval practice or to put the knowledge assimilated in the study matter. They are basic educational elements that allow the knowledge acquisition, the pursuit, the evaluation of the student and the interaction with the professor.
* Structure: It defines the composition and the group of contents and tasks. It also determines the model of navigation by the material and provides an index of he himself.
* Planning: The planning includes/understands logistic associate to the use of the surroundings and the temporary requirements for its use.
* Management: It is the information that controls the accesses, the operation and the developed activity in the surroundings.

PALO can be described in terms of three components

* The DTD: An instructional template defining the tags and possible tag combinations for the given template. It is a SGML-based DTD
* The PALO File: An SGML file that contains declarative description of a learning environment according to the instructional template above (DTD).
* The resulting environment after the compilation process of the PALO File using the PALO Compiler. There are three kinds:
*# A demo environment with no interactivity, but having all the content.
*# An interactive environment using signed java applets. Students can install this environment, and work off-line. From time to time they can connect to our server and send the work done.
*# An interactive environment to be used remotely.

== SGML DTDs ==

{{quotation|The PALO Language is defined by a set of DTD's that describe different documents, each one to be used for an specific instructional purpose. These DTD's describe a general template that can be instantiated into an [[SGML]] file. In the PALO system, the family of DTD's are known as instructional templates.}} [http://sensei.lsi.uned.es/palo/demo.html], retrieved 18:21, 29 May 2007 (MEST).

=== GUIA ===

<source lang="xml">

<!ELEMENT guia - - ((#PCDATA & lista* & talcual*), gestion , directorio ,(#PCDATA & lista* & tema+))>

<!ATTLIST guia
id ID #IMPLIED
nombre NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
dir-uso NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT directorio - - (objetivos,creditos,instrucciones,requisitos)>

<!ELEMENT objetivos - - (#PCDATA & lista* & talcual*)>

<!ATTLIST objetivos
id ID #IMPLIED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT creditos - - (#PCDATA & lista* & talcual*)>

<!ATTLIST creditos
id ID #IMPLIED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT instrucciones - - (#PCDATA & lista* & talcual*)>

<!ATTLIST instrucciones
id ID #IMPLIED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT requisitos - - (#PCDATA & lista* & talcual*)>

<!ATTLIST requisitos
id ID #IMPLIED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT talcual - - (#PCDATA)>

<!ATTLIST talcual
id ID #IMPLIED
tipo (html |
latex |
daylight |
jme ) #REQUIRED>

<!ELEMENT tema - - ((#PCDATA , metainformacion?) & #PCDATA & lista* & talcual* & subtema* & glosario*)>

<!ATTLIST tema
id ID #IMPLIED
nombre NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT subtema - - ((#PCDATA & lista* & talcual* & glosario*), seccion+)>

<!ATTLIST subtema
id ID #IMPLIED
nombre NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>
<!ELEMENT seccion - - ((#PCDATA & lista* & talcual*) & elemento* & relacion* & glosario*)>

<!ATTLIST seccion
id ID #IMPLIED
nombre (contenido |
utilidad |
conceptos |
ejercicios |
errores |
cuestiones |
temporizacion ) #REQUIRED
ref NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT lista - - (#PCDATA & item+)>

<!ELEMENT item - - (#PCDATA & elemento* & relacion* & glosario*)>

<!ELEMENT elemento - - (#PCDATA , enlaces?)>

<!ATTLIST elemento
id ID #IMPLIED
dominio NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
nombre NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
categoria NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
atr-etiqueta NMTOKEN #IMPLIED
atr-contenido NMTOKEN #IMPLIED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED
faq ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT relacion - - (#PCDATA)>

<!ATTLIST relacion
id ID #IMPLIED
nombre NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
dominio NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
sujeto NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED
atrib NMTOKEN #IMPLIED
categoria NMTOKEN #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT enlaces - - (#PCDATA & elemento* & relacion*)>

<!ATTLIST enlaces
id ID #IMPLIED> <!ENTITY lt "menorque">
<!ENTITY gt "mayorque">
<!ENTITY amp "ampersand">
<!ENTITY quot "quote"> <!ELEMENT glosario - - (#PCDATA & referencia+) >
<!ATTLIST glosario
id ID #IMPLIED
categoria NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
dominio NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
atr-etiqueta NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
atr-contenido NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
traza (si|no) #IMPLIED
orden (alfabetico | secuencial) alfabetico>

<!ELEMENT referencia - - (#PCDATA) >
<!ATTLIST referencia
id ID #IMPLIED
nombre NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
dominio NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
atr-contenido NMTOKEN #REQUIRED >

<!ELEMENT paseo - - (#PCDATA & contenido-paseo) >
<!ATTLIST paseo
id ID #IMPLIED
nombre NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT contenido-paseo - - (#PCDATA & talcual* & paseo*) >

<!ELEMENT gestion - - (#PCDATA, bdobjetos+ , bdtareas+ , metainformacion)>

<!ELEMENT bdobjetos - - (#PCDATA)>

<!ATTLIST bdobjetos
id ID #IMPLIED
tipo (pruebas | explotacion) #REQUIRED
sgdb (mSQL | Oracle) #REQUIRED
lugar NMTOKEN #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT bdtareas - - (#PCDATA)>

<!ATTLIST bdtareas
id ID #IMPLIED
tipo (pruebas | explotacion) #REQUIRED
sgdb (mSQL | Oracle) #REQUIRED
lugar NMTOKEN #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT metainformacion - - (contenido & copyright & instancia)>
<!ATTLIST metainformacion
id ID #IMPLIED
tipo (dc | ims | ieee) #REQUIRED
cod (rfc2731) #REQUIRED>

<!ELEMENT contenido - - (titulo & materia & descripcion & fuente & lenguaje & relacionado & ambito)>

<!ELEMENT copyright - - (autor & editor & colaborador & derechos)>

<!ELEMENT instancia - - (fecha & tipo & formato & identificador)>

<!ELEMENT titulo - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT materia - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT descripcion - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT fuente - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT lenguaje - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT relacionado - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT ambito - - (#PCDATA)>

<!ELEMENT autor - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT editor - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT colaborador - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT derechos - - (#PCDATA)>

<!ELEMENT fecha - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT tipo - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT formato - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT identificador - - (#PCDATA)>
</source>

=== PED ===
<source lang="xml">

<!ELEMENT ped - - ((#PCDATA & lista* & talcual*), gestion , directorio, apartado+)>

<!ATTLIST ped
id ID #IMPLIED
nombre NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
dir-uso NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
dir-correccion NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED
fecha NMTOKEN #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT directorio - - (objetivos,creditos,instrucciones,requisitos)>

<!ELEMENT objetivos - - (#PCDATA & lista* & talcual*)>

<!ATTLIST objetivos
id ID #IMPLIED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT creditos - - (#PCDATA & lista* & talcual*)>

<!ATTLIST creditos
id ID #IMPLIED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT instrucciones - - (#PCDATA & lista* & talcual*)>

<!ATTLIST instrucciones
id ID #IMPLIED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT requisitos - - (#PCDATA & lista* & talcual*)>

<!ATTLIST requisitos
id ID #IMPLIED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT talcual - - (#PCDATA)>

<!ATTLIST talcual
id ID #IMPLIED
tipo (html |
latex |
daylight |
jme ) #REQUIRED>

<!ELEMENT tarea - - (((#PCDATA & talcual*) | elemento | simulacion ) & calificador* )>

<!ATTLIST tarea
id ID #IMPLIED
nombre NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
tipo (texto
| latex
| test
| smiles
| fichero
| simulacion) #REQUIRED
traza (si | no) #IMPLIED
etiqueta NMTOKEN #IMPLIED
puntuable (si|no) #IMPLIED
prerrequisito NMTOKEN #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT simulacion ((#PCDATA | talcual) | elemento | herramienta )>
<!ATTLIST simulacion
id ID #IMPLIED
nombre NMTOKEN #REQUIRED>

<!ELEMENT herramienta (#PCDATA | talcual)>
<!ATTLIST herramienta
id ID #IMPLIED
tipo (logica | fisica) #REQUIRED
url NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
traza (si | no) #REQUIRED>

<!ELEMENT calificador - - (#PCDATA & lista*)>

<!ATTLIST calificador
id ID #IMPLIED
peso NMTOKEN #REQUIRED>

<!ELEMENT cuestionario - - (#PCDATA & lista* & talcual* & tarea+)>

<!ATTLIST cuestionario
id ID #IMPLIED
nombre NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
etiqueta NMTOKEN #IMPLIED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT apartado - - ((#PCDATA & lista* & talcual* & cuestionario* & elemento* & relacion* & tarea* & glosario*), subapartado+)>

<!ATTLIST apartado
id ID #IMPLIED
nombre NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT subapartado - - (#PCDATA & lista* & talcual* & elemento* & relacion* & tarea* & glosario*)>

<!ATTLIST subapartado
id ID #IMPLIED
nombre NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
ref NMTOKEN #IMPLIED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT lista - - (#PCDATA & item+)>

<!ELEMENT item - - (#PCDATA & elemento* & relacion* & glosario* )>

<!ELEMENT elemento - - (#PCDATA , enlaces?)>

<!ATTLIST elemento
id ID #IMPLIED
dominio NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
nombre NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
categoria NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
atr-etiqueta NMTOKEN #IMPLIED
atr-contenido NMTOKEN #IMPLIED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED
faq ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT relacion - - (#PCDATA)>

<!ATTLIST relacion
id ID #IMPLIED
nombre NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
dominio NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
sujeto NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
traza (si | no) #IMPLIED
atrib NMTOKEN #IMPLIED
categoria NMTOKEN #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT enlaces - - (#PCDATA & elemento* & relacion* & tarea* & cuestionario*)>

<!ATTLIST enlaces
id ID #IMPLIED>

<!ENTITY lt "menorque">
<!ENTITY gt "mayorque">
<!ENTITY amp "ampersand">
<!ENTITY quot "quote">

<!ELEMENT glosario - - (#PCDATA & referencia+) >
<!ATTLIST glosario
id ID #IMPLIED
categoria NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
dominio NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
atr-etiqueta NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
atr-contenido NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
traza (si|no) #IMPLIED
orden (alfabetico | secuencial) alfabetico>

<!ELEMENT referencia - - (#PCDATA) >
<!ATTLIST referencia
id ID #IMPLIED
nombre NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
dominio NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
atr-contenido NMTOKEN #REQUIRED >

<!ELEMENT paseo - - (#PCDATA & contenido-paseo) >
<!ATTLIST paseo
id ID #IMPLIED
nombre NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
traza ( si | no ) #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT contenido-paseo - - (#PCDATA & talcual* & paseo*) >

<!ELEMENT gestion - - (#PCDATA, bdobjetos+ , bdtareas+ , metainformacion)>

<!ELEMENT bdobjetos - - (#PCDATA)>

<!ATTLIST bdobjetos
id ID #IMPLIED
tipo (pruebas | explotacion) #REQUIRED
sgdb (mSQL | Oracle) #REQUIRED
lugar NMTOKEN #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT bdtareas - - (#PCDATA)>

<!ATTLIST bdtareas
id ID #IMPLIED
tipo (pruebas | explotacion) #REQUIRED
sgdb (mSQL | Oracle) #REQUIRED
lugar NMTOKEN #IMPLIED>

<!ELEMENT metainformacion - - (contenido & copyright & instancia)>
<!ATTLIST metainformacion
id ID #IMPLIED
tipo (dc | ims | ieee) #REQUIRED
cod (rfc2731) #REQUIRED>

<!ELEMENT contenido - - (titulo & materia & descripcion & fuente & lenguaje & relacionado & ambito)>

<!ELEMENT copyright - - (autor & editor & colaborador & derechos)>

<!ELEMENT instancia - - (fecha & tipo & formato & identificador)>

<!ELEMENT titulo - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT materia - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT descripcion - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT fuente - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT lenguaje - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT relacionado - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT ambito - - (#PCDATA)>

<!ELEMENT autor - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT editor - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT colaborador - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT derechos - - (#PCDATA)>

<!ELEMENT fecha - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT tipo - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT formato - - (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT identificador - - (#PCDATA)>

</source>

== Links ==

* [http://sensei.lsi.uned.es/palo/ PALO Home Page]. This page contains links to papers and talks, demoes and software.

== References ==

; PALO

Rodriguez-Artacho M. "Una Arquitectura Cognitiva para el Diseño de Entornos Telemáticos de Ensñanza y Aprendizaje", Ph. D. Thesis (In Spanish!), [http://sensei.ieec.uned.es/%7Emiguel/tesis HTML]

* Overview of the PALO EML (IEEE Frontiers In Education FIE '99 Conference paper) [http://sensei.ieec.uned.es/%7Emiguel/articulos/fie99/index.html HTML] [http://sensei.ieec.uned.es/%7Emiguel/articulos/fie99/1075.pdf PDF]

* Uses of PALO to build Educational Web-sites (IFIP 99) [HTML] (Building Electronic Educational Environments, Kluwer Ac. Publishers, 1999) [http://eee.uci.edu/programs/ifipconf/papers/verdejo/ HTML]

* Ontologies for learning content modeling and their use with PALO Language [PDF] (TET '99 conference, Norway) [http://sensei.ieec.uned.es/%7Esteed/papers/tet99.pdf PDF]

* PALO Language uses for Higher Education (Computers and Ed. in the 21st Century. Kluwer Ac. publishers, 2000) [http://sensei.lsi.uned.es/palo/kluwer-uclm.pdf PDF]

* Constructivism & PALO Language (IEEE Frontiers in Education FIE '01 Conference) [http://fie.engrng.pitt.edu/fie2001/papers/1161.pdf PDF]

* Rodriguez-Artacho M. and Verdejo, M. F. "Modeling Educational Content: The Cognitive Approach of the PALO Language", ''Journal of Educational Technology & Society'' (Vol. 7 # 3, 2004) [http://sensei.ieec.uned.es/%7Emiguel/Modelling%20Educational%20Content%20-%20FINAL%202.0.pdf PDF Preprint]

; Other

* Mizoguchi, R. and Bourdeau, J. (2000). Using ontological engineering to overcome common AI-ED problems. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 11.

* Murray, T. (1996a). From story board to knowledge bases: The first paradigm shift in making CAI "intelligent". In Proceedings of the ED-MEDIA 96 Conference, pages 509-514, Boston, MA.

[[Category: Standards]]
[[Category: Instructional design models]]
[[Category: Educational modeling languages]]
[[Category: XML]]

PALO - Revision history

Daniel K. Schneider: Text replacement - "$" to " {{edutechwiki}}"

Daniel K. Schneider: 1 revision imported

Daniel K. Schneider at 13:30, 9 July 2009