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Definition

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== Definition ==

* '''Backwards design''' (or backward design) later renamed to '''Understanding by Design®''' is an [[instructional design method]] invented by Wiggins and McTighe and is part of their larger ''Understanding by Design'' framework.

* {{quotation | Backward design begins with the end in mind: What enduring understandings do I want my students to develop?}} ([http://www.greece.k12.ny.us/instruction/ela/6-12/BackwardDesign/Overview.htm]). It is particularly suited for teacher designers who think in terms of what they wish to achieve.

More precisely, the understanding by design framework means: 1) focus on teaching and assessing for understanding and learning transfer, and 2) design curriculum “backward” from those ends. [http://www.ascd.org/ASCD/pdf/siteASCD/publications/UbD_WhitePaper0312.pdf Understanding by Design Framework], retrieved March 2018)

== The model ==

The model has 3 stages:
# Identify desired results (learning outcomes)
#* {{quotation | What should students know, understand, and be able to do? What is worthy of understanding? What enduring understandings are desired?}} ([http://www.ubdexchange.org/resources/news-articles/backward.html])
# Determine Acceptable Evidence (means to assess if learners have learnt)
#* {{quotation | How will we know if students have achieved the desired results and met the standards? What will we accept as evidence of student understanding and proficiency?}}([http://www.ubdexchange.org/resources/news-articles/backward.html])
# Plan learning experiences and instruction. This includes:
#* definition of knowledge (know-that), skills and procedures (know-how) students ought to master
#* definition of materials
#* definition of learning /teaching activities (scenarios).

Wiggins and McTighe insist a lot on enduring understandings and that go beyond simple facts and skills to include larger concepts, principles or processes.

== Variants ==

There exist other variants, e.g. below is a set of steps adapted to specific schoolteachers in a specific environment (see [http://www.greece.k12.ny.us/instruction/ela/6-12/BackwardDesign/Overview.htm Backward Design Overview & FAQ]:
# Decide on the themes, enduring understandings and essential questions for the unit.
# Design a summative for the end of the unit.
# Align the unit with the New York State ELA Standards and choose outcomes, strategies and best practices to teach them.
# Choose resources to create a rich and engaging multi-genre thematically-linked unit.
# Weave back and forth across the curriculum map to make revisions and refinements.

== Links ==

* [http://www.ascd.org/ASCD/pdf/siteASCD/publications/UbD_WhitePaper0312.pdf Understanding by Design Framework] (Whitepaper, retrieved March 2018).
* [http://pixel.fhda.edu/id/six_facets.html Developing Goals and Objectives]
* [http://www.ubdexchange.org/ Understanding by Design Exchange]. This is the Website sponsored by Grant Wiggins & Jay McTighe. Includes resources.
* [http://www.iearn.org/civics/may2003workshop/Understanding%20by%20Design%20Teaching%20Ellen%20Meier%20CTSC.pdf Understanding by Design] (PDF Slides by Ellen.B Meier)
* [http://www.ltag.education.tas.gov.au/Planning/models/princbackdesign.htm Principles of Backward Design]
* [http://www.greece.k12.ny.us/instruction/ela/6-12/BackwardDesign/Overview.htm Backward Design] (Overview & FAQ at B. Ladwig and K Pagano-Fuller's English Language Arts Site.)
* [http://digitalliteracy.mwg.org/curriculum/process.html Backward design process] at DigitalLiteracy (include a nice 1-page summary in [http://digitalliteracy.mwg.org/documents/process.pdf PDF].
* [http://www.ltag.education.tas.gov.au/Planning/models/princbackdesign.htm Principles of Backward Design] (Short overview and some pointers).
* Janice Christy (2004), [http://www.glencoe.com/sec/teachingtoday/educationupclose.phtml/49 Teaching for Understanding] (This short article gives and overview of the larger context "learning by design").

== References ==

* Wiggins,G., McTighe, J. (2006) [http://www.ubdexchange.org/resources/news-articles/backward.html Are the Best Curricular Designs "Backward"?]
* Wiggins,G., McTighe, J. (2001). Understanding by Design, Prentice Hall. ISBN 013093058X
* Wiggins,G. & Jay McTighe: (2004). Understanding by Design Professional Development Workbook, Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development ([http://shop.ascd.org/ ASCD]), Alexandria, VA.

[[Category:Instructional design models]]
[[Category:Design methodologies]]
[[Category:Instructional design methods]]

Backwards design - Revision history

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